I’ve been looking into hypnotism recently, a subject I know nothing about, but which has been cropping up in another area I’m interested in – namely the early work of the Society for Psychical Research. The Society was founded in 1882 with the aim of studying reports of so called paranormal phenomenon – things like extra sensory perception, spiritual mediumship and other apparent indications of some form of survival of the human personality after bodily death.
At the time, the scientific establishment was busy defining the world along strictly rational lines and sweeping all before it, enabling society to make rapid advances in technology and medicine, but there was (and still is) among champions of the “scientific method” a deep seated aversion towards anything that could be labelled paranormal. The Society for Psychical Research was formed outside of the scientific establishment, though headed by a group of open minded scientists who sought to apply the rigour of the scientific method to the investigation of the paranormal – the aim being to see once and for all if there was anything in it. They’ve been going about it now for 130 years and have uncovered much that still isn’t generally well known, as well as debunking a good deal of what was and is still being claimed as fact by the more credulous proponents of the paranormal.
Two distinguished early investigators, as well as being the founding fathers of the society, were Edmund Gurney (Phantasms of the living 1886) and Frederick Myers (Human Personality and its Survival of Bodily Death, 1903). I’ve recently been ploughing through both of these substantial works, and fascinating reading they make too, but that’s another story.
Myers and Gurney began their psychical investigations with the study of spirit mediums, an avenue that turned up unambiguous evidence of fraud on the part of all but a few. Discouraged, Myers and Gurney abandoned this line, and began to study instead evidence for the apparently anomalous faculties of the mind. This proved to be a more fruitful avenue and a great deal of data was documented in support of the concept of extra sensory perception – the apparent transfer of thoughts or sensations from one mind to another. These early studies suggested there was something about the human personality, the psyche, or whatever you want to call it, that extended beyond the boundaries of the brain, and was able to interact with the minds of others, regardless of the distance by which they were separated.
Myers, a classicist and poet, also established himself as one of the few British depth psychologists of his day. A contemporary of both Pierre Janet and Sigmund Freud, he was also an influence on Carl Jung’s emerging theories of a collective unconscious. Rather than attempting to trim away the anomalous and somewhat untidy fringe of human experience, Myers insisted one could not formulate a comprehensive understanding of the nature of personality or “mind” without including a study of its occasionally anomalous though well documented feats of extraordinary cognition – from the calculating savants, reports of preconative dreams, or the laboratory-controlled evidence of extra sensory perception, all of which defied rational explanation.
Myers and Gurney were interested in hypnotism because it had been observed that anomalous feats of cognition could be more reliably brought about with a subject in hypnotic trance. Their work with hypnotism also raised the question: could the experiences of apparent contact with discarnate entities – in other words “spirits” – be explained as a form of super-extra-sensory-perception, emanating not from the minds of the dead, but from the minds of the living?
One of the earliest advocates of hypnotism was Anton Mesmer (1734-1815) who built up a reputation as a healer by the use of what he called “animal magnetism”. He claimed this was different to the better known magnetism associated with compass needles, that it was inherent in the bodies of people and animals, and that it was possible for one person to have a “magnetic” influence over another. His methods eventually came under scientific scrutiny, and a board of inquiry concluded that his technique, at the bottom of it, involved nothing more than a form of suggestion, working upon the mind of the patient.
This of course is exactly what hypnotism is, but the board’s findings had stripped it of the glossy mystique Mesmer had wrapped it in. As a consequence Mesmerism fell into disrepute until the middle of the 19th century when it was taken up again by the Scottish surgeon James Braid, and what we now call “hypnotism” became respected once more as a therapeutic method.
Rather than uncritically accepting Mesmer’s claims of a mysterious “animal magnetism”, Braid approached the subject from a purely rational, psychological and physiological angle, and was the first to identify a definite trance state, or a state of deep relaxation, in which a subject became more easily suggestible to the thoughts or the will of another.
One of the biggest drivers of early research into hypnotism was its potential use as an anaesthetic, since it had been found that hypnotised subjects could be “persuaded” to feel no pain. This enabled surgical procedures to be carried out that were unthinkable before. It was only the later development of more reliable chemical anaesthetics that led to hypnotism being abandoned as a means of pain control, and it became instead a tool for opening up and investigating the dark recesses of the mind.
It was in France, through the work of the neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893) that the greatest advances in the study of hypnotism were made and used to good effect in the treatment of hysteria. It was also through Charcot’s work, and that of his pupil Pierre Janet (1859-1947), that anomalous forms of cognition were first reliably documented. It was these cases that came to the attention of Myers and Gurney, and were used in support of their own investigations, and their subsequent reports to the Society of Psychical Reasearch.
Speaking as a layman, what hypnotism seems to point to is that the unconscious mind is really rather powerful, that its true nature is still largely unknown and that its reach, rather than being confined spatially and temporally to the insides of our own heads and the span of our own lives, is potentially infinite, and independent of our current understanding of the nature of space and time.
What hypnotism seems to reveal is that many of our most remarkable psychical and even physical abilities are obscured by the simple fact of our conscious awareness, that our consciousness filters out or restricts our actual potential though possibly for very good reasons. Hypnotic methods bypass the controlling or patterned instincts of our conscious mind and reveal traits of behaviour, cognition or personality that we can pass our whole lives in ignorance of.
Any foray into the subject of the true nature of human personality is to kick over a can of existential worms, and I don’t want to go on too long here, but a good example of one of the greyer documented areas of personality are the many cases of so called automatism. This is where an apparently sane person begins to produce communications, either written or verbal, that appear to come from an intelligence other than their own. Perhaps the best documented and most perplexing of these cases is that of Patience Worth who produced millions of words of published literature through the mediumship of Pearl Curran(1883-1937), a young woman of modest education and no prior literary expertise or pretensions. Then there is Seth, communicating tomes of existential wonders through the mediumship of Jane Roberts (1929-1984).
You’ll find Seth’s books on Amazon, also the works of countless other latter day chanellers, though of course their voluminous nature does not in itself provide proof of their veracity. However, the material clearly comes from somewhere and evidence suggests it comes from the mind of a personality that is removed from the apparent personality of its physical author. The lesson of hypnotism however is that none of this material – remarkable though it might seem – can be taken at face value. The work of Patience Worth, largely poetic and fictional in nature, can be enjoyed for what it is, but when these chanelled personalities begin transmitting information as truths regarding the nature of “life, the universe and everything”, then we need to be careful we don’t become so open minded we let our brains fall out.
My own view is that the extraordinary cases of automatic or chanelled material are too extensive and intellectually coherent to be dismissed as fraud, self-delusional fantasy, or the mad “ravings” of a sadly afflicted “human” author and I’m prepared to accept that secondary personalities (fragments within one’s own psyche) provide as convincing an explanation as the theory of a discarnate agency. Were Pearl Curran and Seth real? I think the answer is yes, but my next question is: in what sense were they real?
What this tells us about the nature of human personality is no less breathtaking, perplexing, or disturbing – that within each of us, there may lie channels of communication to versions of our selves that are both independent of what we think of as being our primary self, but also of quite different intellectual endowment and personality, that these other versions of our selves can far exceed our own ability – and equally, at times, be so infantile as to be easliy eclipsed by it.
The use of hypnosis in the latter part of the 19th century opened the door, or rather the mind, for the field of depth psychology, and its use therein has been long established, but what it actually reveals about the nature of human personality proved so difficult and controversial a thing to deal with it led at least one pioneering psychiatrist, Carl Jung, to eventually abandon it in his therapeutic practice because he said it seemed to pose more questions than it answered, and revealed far more of the human personality than could be explained.
Nowadays we are most familiar with the use of hypnotism as a means of behaviour “modification”, a therapy to be tried in cases of addiction or in overcoming phobias. This was its original function, going back to Mesmer, but even now, as then, we have little understanding of how it works, why it works, or even what it works upon. All we can say is that a person is gradually relaxed into a trance-state, one in which they become suggestible, and the hypnotist, to quote Myers: suggests to the patient that they get well. And sometimes they do.
The fact that hypnotism is still unexplainable in rational terms is one reason it gets a bad press and is viewed by the layman with suspicion, either that it is simply fraudulent – an act between a charlatan and his stooge – or that it is a dangerous and half-understood technique that has left a trail of subjects suffering psychological damage as a result of it.
One of the most frightening aspects of hypnotism is that it can apparently modify our memories, preventing us from recalling events that have actually happened, or it can convince us that events that did not happen actually happened, or that the blatant nonsense we’ve been fed by the hypnotist is true, or it can convince us that things other people can plainly see, are simply not there. Our memory is very much associated with our sense of self, and the thought that another person could come along and modify us, change us, or even rob us of that which is most intimately our own is deeply disturbing, and earns the subject of hypnotism, rightly or wrongly, its notoriety.
Given the power of the unconscious mind, and its apparent suggestibility, I would err towards the view that hypnosis is not a subject to be treated lightly, and certainly not a thing to expose oneself to at the hands of an inexperienced practitioner, nor one whose art extends no further than the entertainments industry.
Practitioners of therapeutic hypnotism are required to study at recognised schools, though I note in the UK many of these are in the “private” sector and seem vulnerable to infiltration by opportunist charlatans. Certification is regulated, but conversely you need no medical qualifications to enrol on a course of certificated study. Even yours truly, whose medical knowledge extends no further than opening a box of sticking plasters could apparently obtain the necessary certification to set himself up in therapeutic practice, and begin poking about for the secondary personalities of my unsuspecting clients, and doing all manner of untold damage in the process.
certification or no, we can all perform a harmless kind of hypnosis, at least upon ourselves. It involves nothing more than a form of relaxation, breath control, and “talking to oneself”. I tried it out one night on one of those middle aged aches and pains we get from time to time, with good results – the sort of thing which if you presented the symptoms to the sawbones he’d mutter something about it being muscular, and tell you to take an aspirin.
So, you lie in bed and you go through a fairly standard relaxation technique, identifying in turn each part of your body – feet, legs, torso, arms, neck head,… and you progressively relax them, breathe into them. You take your time, and when you feel deeply relaxed you go through a prearranged script, something about counting yourself down to ten or something, at which point you say you are in the zone of suggestibility. Then you start breathing into the achy bit, telling yourself to imagine it as a physical thing about the size of a golf ball – and once you’ve got the measure of it you tell yourself you’re going to shrink it down to the size of a marble, then a grain of rice, then a pin head, and finally, you tell yourself that by morning it will be gone completely. You come out of your self-induced trance by some other pre arranged method, counting yourself up to three or perhaps, and as daft as it all sounds, my ache, which I’d had off and on for months had gone in the morning and has not returned.
So, either it was going to get better on its own anyway, or it was all in the head. But there are apparently many things in the head, that we are entirely unaware of.
Michael Graeme
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